This is an A-Z glossary of terms, concepts and services related to using technology in education. This list is an ongoing project developed by participants on the Emerging Technologies for English Teachers course at Hankuk University, Graduate School of Education. Contributors names are under each topic.
AR (Augmented Reality)
Augmented reality (AR) is the ability to mix in real-time spatially-registered digital content with the real world surrounding the user. Augmented reality starts with a camera-equipped device - such as a smartphone, a tablet, or smart glasses - loaded with AR software. When a user points the device and looks at an object, the software recognizes it through computer vision technoogy, which analyze the video stream. A fundamental difference is that the AR information is presented in a 3-D “experience” superimposed on the object rather than in a 2-D page on a screen. What the user sees, then, is part real and part digital.
Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812023907/pdf
(Hee Seon Kim)
Automated Essay Scoring and Natural Language Processing
Automated Essay Scoring (AES) program, also known as Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE), is a computer-based assessment/evaluation system that can automatically scores or grades the students’ writings by considering appropriate features.
Most of the AES systems use Natural Language Processing (NLP). According to IBM, NLP is the branch of artificial intelligence or AI concerned with giving computers the ability to understand text and spoken words in much the same way human beings can.
By using NLP, AES systems suggest users not only grammatical errors and corrections, but also recommend appropriate lexis based on the setting including an audience, formality, domain and intention of writing.
(Sojeong Bang)
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)
ASR engine translates the incoming speech signal into a sequence of words on the basis of internal phonetic and syntactic models. This is the first and most important phase in speech recognition, as the subsequent phases depend on the accuracy of the speech signal translation. ASR allows devising a range of computer-based activities to train communicative skills in the L2, such as interactive dialogues with the computer and speech-enabled multiple-choice exercises.
Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167639307000404
(Booyoon Choi)
Blended learning + 4 types
In ELT ‘Blended learning“ is the term most commonly used to refer to any combination of face-to-face teaching with computer technology. According to Dudeney and Hockly(2007;137) ’Blended learning’ is a mixture of online and face-to-face course delivery.
➀ hybrid learning(=individual rotation) : Hybrid learning is an educational model where some students attend class in-person, while others join the class virtually from home. Educators teach remote and in-person students at the same time using tools like video conferencing hardware and software
➁ flipped learning : Flipped Learning is a pedagogical approach in which direct instruction moves from the group learning space to the individual learning space, and the resulting group space is transformed into a dynamic, interactive learning environment where the educator guides students as they apply concepts and engage creatively in the subject matter.
➂ Station rotation (in class) : In a station rotation model, the teacher organizes students into groups within the classroom, where at least one station is a computer-based learning experience. This model allows you to differentiate your teacher-led instruction by creating small-groups in class and personalized learning experiences on the computers. As mentioned, station rotation is a great option when you have limited classroom technology or limited access to a school laptop cart.
➃ Lab rotation <-> class : The lab rotation model is another option that works when you don’t have a full set of computers in your classroom. Students rotate to a separate computer lab for the online-learning station. Many schools that use lab rotation have a co-teaching staffing model or have paraprofessionals in the classroom to facilitate transitions, but that is not a requirement. Students can either rotate to the lab as part of a class or as an online learning class of its own. This model can be used for all grade levels.
(Yoonhee Cho)
Bloom's Taxonomy is a framework of different levels of thinking. Taxonomy means classification. The framework was developed by an educational committee in the 1950s. The framework starts with lower order thinking and rises to high order thinking (critical thinking). The levels are remembering, understanding, applying, analysing, evaluating, creating. The original framework had noun titles instead of verbs. The framework is useful for planning the sequence of activities in a lesson from easy to more challenging.
Link: cft.vanderbilt.edu/guides-sub-pages/blooms-taxonomy/
(Edward Povey)
Data privacy is the ability of individuals to control their personal information. The personal information can be one’s name, location, contact information, financial data, intellectual property data as well as online or real-world behavior. Data Privacy is centered around how data should be collected, stored, managed, and shared with any third parties, as well as compliance with the applicable privacy laws (such as California Consumer Privacy Act- CCPA or General Data Protection Regulation GDPR). In many jurisdictions, data privacy is considered a fundamental human right, and data protection laws exist to guard that right. Data privacy is also important because in order for individuals to be willing to engage online, they have to trust that their personal data will be handled with care.
Links:
CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act): https://dataprivacymanager.net/glossary/ccpa-california-consumer-privacy-act/
GDPR: https://dataprivacymanager.net/glossary/gdpr-general-data-protection-regulation/
(Booyoon Choi)
Gamification is the strategic attempt to enhance education by adding game elements from the non-game environments in order to motivate and engage students. While students go through this experience, they don’t realize whther they’re learning. They just have a really good time, and they’re going to learn along the way. People usually think that gamification is only restricted to game program. But, it has been used from the day we didn’t use computer. Early gamification was used as a form of reward such as points or achievement badges. It doesn’t just distinguish one from others, but also provide them with feedback by tracking what they did. Another attractive element of gamification is that meaningful and interesting stories can be put. They can enrich boring, barely stimulating contexts, and, consequently, make students more immersed and more engaged in the education.
Link: https://www.edutopia.org/article/how-use-gameplay-enhance-classroom-learning
(Ryu Ji Hyung)
“Gamification: The use of game elements in non-game contexts”, is an approach that has shown a potential benefit to learning (Kapp, 2012).
In the foreign language classroom, even more, innovative dynamics and materials should be used since students should feel comfortable when learning a language as prominent as English.
Let´s explore the use of different gamification tools to learn English as a foreign language (EFL). Among its benefits, one of the most relevant is that it increases students’ motivation, emotional involvement, and enjoyment while learning a foreign language (Hartt et al., 2020).
At first, gamification is extremely linked with extrinsic motivation with game elements or rewards such as money, points, and badges. Nevertheless, motivation in game-playing “has been mainly associated with intrinsic motivation” because “games are often assumed to possess an inherent motivational power through which individuals become immersed and absorbed in a game and experience the gameplay as enjoyable” (Hartmann & Gommer, 2021, p.4).
(Sara Pevidal)
Language intelligibility can also be mutual intelligibility in linguistics which refers to a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. In other words, language indelibility is how easy it is for people to understand your speech sounds and words. For example, even though you have strong Spanish accent in your English, if you can speak in an intelligible and comprehensible way that doesn’t impede communication at all, your language intelligibility level is high regardless of your Spanish accent.
Link: http://www.cleartalkmastery.com/what-we-do/intelligibility/
(Booyoon Choi)
Lingua franca
“Where a language is widely used over a relatively large geographical area as a language of wider communication, it is known as a lingua franca—a common language but one which is native only to some of its speakers. The term 'lingua franca' itself is an extension of the use of the name of the original 'Lingua Franca,' a Medieval trading pidgin used in the Mediterranean region.”
(Booyoon Choi)
Metaverse is a massive virtual space powered by technologies such as VR, AR, blockchian, and a creator economy. All these technologies combine together to offer immersive experiences to users in the virtual metaverse worlds.
Advantages of Metaverse
From the COVID-19, now we recognized the importance of the remote working. Businesses and educational institutions all over the world started adopting technologies or online instruments for communication. The metaverse pros for improving communication can introduce engaging and interavctive experiences for all users. With the graphically-rich 3D virtual environments and the immersive experiences, participants could discover opportunities for dynamic and engaging interactions among participants.
Disadvantages of Metaverse
Majority of people worldwide cannot access fast internet and cannot capitalize on the full potential of the metaverse. And, many people cannot afford a high-end VR headset for entering the metaverse.
Metaverse could also blur the gap between real and virtual worlds. Addiction to virtual worlds can lead people to withdraw from real-world experiences. The metaverse disadvantages also bring the possibilities of the metaverse influencing the ways in which people perceive real relationships and interactions.
Link: https://101blockchains.com/pros-cons-of-metaverse/
(Ryu Ji Hyung)
Natural Language Processing (NLP)
A field of artificial intelligence in which computers analyze, understand, and derive meaning form human language in a smart and useful way. NLP allows developers to organize and structure knowledge to perform tasks such as automatic summarization, translation, named entity recognition, relationship extraction, sentiment analysis, speech recognition, and topic segmentation.
Links:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-81-322-3972-7_19
https://www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/natural-language-processing
(Booyoon Choi)
Octalysis is an internationally acclaimed Gamification Framework that utilizes 8 Core Drives to analyze challenges, identify opportunities, and create actionable steps to drive human behavior through human-focused design.
Epic Meaning & Calling is the Core Drive where a player believes that he is doing something greater than himself or he was “chosen” to do something.
2) Development & Accomplishment
Development & Accomplishment is the internal drive of making progress, developing skills, and eventually overcoming challenges.
3) Empowerment of Creativity & Feedback
Empowerment of Creativity & Feedback is when users are engaged in a creative process where they have to repeatedly figure things out and try different combinations.
This is the drive where users are motivated because they feel like they own something.
5) Social Influence & Relatedness
This drive incorporates all the social elements that drive people, including: mentorship, acceptance, social responses, companionship, as well as competition and envy.
This is the drive of wanting something because you can’t have it.
7) Unpredictability & Curiosity
Generally, this is a harmless drive of wanting to find out what will happen next.
This core drive is based upon the avoidance of something negative happening.
Link: https://yukaichou.com/gamification-examples/octalysis-complete-gamification-framework/
(Sara Pevidal)
Scripted language + Unscripted language
A scripted language is a language that is already written before it is read, so computers know what you are trying to say. Computers know how close the speakers’ speech is to the way the sentence should be said or pronounced. Scripted languages are made to make coding easier and faster. Strictly speaking, a scripted language is interpreted read line by line at runtime while a programming language is compiled.
Unscripted language is speech or talk that is made without detailed preparation, rather than being read out. In speech recognition technology devices, if you use unscripted language, the computers have no idea what you are trying to say in advance, and the computers have to transcribe your unscripted talk or speech. On the other hand, scripted language is talk or speech that is already scripted in the computers, so they know what and how you are supposed to say the words.
(Booyoon Choi)
Speech recognition is the ability of a machine or program to identify spoken words and convert them to text for the purpose of conversational AI and voice applications. Speech recognition technology is divided into three stages: automatic speech recognition (ASR), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and Text-To-Speech (TTS). Examples of speech recognition technologies include Alexa, Cortana, Google Assistant, and Siri.
Links: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcustomerexperience/definition/speech-recognition
(Booyoon Choi)
Text-To-Speech (TTS)
Text-To-Speech is a technology that converts text to voice. It’s sometimes called ‘read aloud’ technology because it could be used to create a voiceover for a video or to help people with visual problems to read texts. Text-to-speech can provide a multisensory reading experience that combines seeing with hearing.
Link: https://www.readingrockets.org/article/text-speech-technology-what-it-and-how-it-works
(Booyoon Choi)
Alba: A Wildlife Adventure is an open world adventure game which focuses on exploring the world and conserving the wildlife.
It is about teenager girl, Alba Singh, who goes to Secarral, a fictional island town in Valencian, Spain to visit her grandparents for a week-long vacation. There were 2 missions for her to complete. First, while she wonders this place, she bumps into small tasks to protect endangerd animals. And, second one is to research the all the endangered animal by taking pictures of them.
It is a good game to give to children, to help pass along the idea that they can make a difference, they can help the world.
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba:_A_Wildlife_Adventure
(Ryu Ji Hyung)
Animal 4D +
The Animal 4D+ Flashcards App is created to highlight the beauty and importance of wildlife on Earth. Various animals are magically brought to life in realistic 3D animation through the magic of Augmented Reality for the children to observe, along with their unique to contribute in building children’s awareness about the diversity of animal species and the importance of preserving protecting, and saving the ecological balance.
Google: Animal 4D+ - Apps on Google Play
iOS: Animal 4D+ on the App Store
(Hee Seon Kim)
Blooket
This online learning platform allows teachers to host games and homework assignments innovatively that catch students’ attention, inspiring them to learn. Students receive rewards for answering multiple-choice questions correctly.
Blooket provides a strong element of competition that motivates students, so it is better to use such live quizzes for formative assessment when both a teacher and a student need to understand how well students have mastered the material studied.
Link: https://www.blooket.com
(Sara Pevidal)
Cortana is Microsoft's personal productivity assistant that helps you save time and focus attention on what matters most. Cortana is available on all devices that run the Windows 10 operating software Similar to Siri in conducting basic tasks and actions, Cortana understands and completes many of the same functions that Siri provides to users.
Link: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/topic/what-is-cortana-953e648d-5668-e017-1341-7f26f7d0f825
(Booyoon Choi)
ELSA Speak is a mobile application that coaches English pronunciation after listening to the way language learners or the application users pronounce words, sentences or conversations and pinpoint exact errors and provide real-time, accurate feedback on their pronunciation mistakes with specific suggestions on how to improve. ESLA Speak utilizes recognition technology to evaluate and provide feedback on the learners’ English pronunciation and fluency.
Links:
https://ummaspul.e-journal.id/majesty/article/view/510/321
(Booyoon Choi)
ETS Criterion’s Online Writing Evaluation Service
ETS Criterion has an online writing evaluation service, well known for IBT TOEFL. The program gives immediate diagnostic and feedback to practice writing. ETS criterion has only the pro version and can get discount when purchasing over certain amount of IDs.
Link: https://www.ets.org/criterion
(Sojeong Bang)
Flipgrid is voice-record based discussion board. When teacher upload the topic, class should answer it only by posting their video(there is no other option like writing). Teacher can set the recording time so that students record overtime. It seems quite to be useful for the class which is done online, because by watching and commenting on each other’s video, participants can feel close connection as if they were in a real-in person class. Also, with it, students can grow speaking skills as well. It serves effects like sticker, background, board and so on, so recording itself is not stressful but could be fun activity.
Link: info.flipgrid.com
(Yoonhee Cho)
Genially is a web-based tool, available in a free version, that allows you to create animated infographics, interactive presentations and even escape games. Use this tool to present content to your students in a fun way. Or offer it to your students as a visual aid during their oral presentations.
Link: https://genial.ly/
(Sara Pevidal)
Grammarly is an Automated Essay Scoring (AES) service that revises and suggests multiple grammar, punctuation, lexis, phrase errors and synonyms based on purposes of writing users set. It is available on Google and can also download for offline version. There are both free and pro versions.
Link: https://app.grammarly.com/
(Sojeong Bang)
Hodoo English is a PC based program that specializes in learning English. The program is a quest-based MMORPG with built-in speech recognition and 300 non-player characters with whom the player must have meaningful conversations in English. In this game, learners are immersed in a rich 3D world where they complete quests and interact with different characters by speaking English.
There are two modes in this game. The first is a general mode similar to our lives, and the second is a battle mode to find and defeat hidden monsters. In normal mode, it is all made of Authentic materials that we actually need in our daily life, so it is quite practical. In Battle Mode, students can be motivated to defeat the enemy by using the correct English as soon as possible.
Link: https://hodooenglish.com/
(Ryu Ji Hyung)
Intellimetric is the first Automated Essay Scoring (AES) system to use A.I. to score essays. Corporation suggests higher accuracy, consistency, and reliability in assessing essays. Intellimetric is used in more than 75,000 organizations government agencies all around the world.
Link: https://www.intellimetric.com/direct/
(Sojeong Bang)
Lyrics training is an entertaining and effective way to acquire a language and develop listening skills. The songs that are applied in this type of English language teaching are popular and well known. The facilities it presents in scope, accessibility, and mastery make it a fun and optimal activity to practice the language.
Lyrics training is an invaluable open educational resource because it motivates and encourages to practice the language using authentic material presented in a friendly way, allowing reusing and adapting the same.
Link: https://lyricstraining.com/
(Sara Pevidal)
Nearpod is an interactive learning platform that facilitates active learning for students through utilizing quizzes, polls, gamification, interactive video, and collaboration boards. Also AR/VR can be used in NearPod.
Link: https://nearpod.com/
(Sara Pevidal)
OBS Studio is a free application for video streaming and combining video sources. It can be used for making videos combining inputs such as PPT, webcam, and microphone. It is available for Windows, Mac and Linux. To set up a new project, add new sources with the + button. Sources can include the desktop, webcam, microphone, external cameras, and so on.
Example: www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxZTspcyPts
(Edward Povey)
Pear Deck is a live slides presentation tool that works with Google Slides or PowerPoint presentations and allows students to see the slides on their own devices. With Pear Deck, interactive slides can be added to solicit feedback, do a quick formative check, or just see how your students are feeling today.
Link: https://www.peardeck.com/googleslides
(Sara Pevidal)
TED-ed
With using Ted videos or Youtube, teachers can edit the video with multiple choices or open answer questions. By categorizing the videos according to theme and topics, teachers can make video library and student can assess easily with invitation. Being able to use Ted-style educational video for free is one big merit and also add not only customized questions but also discussion session is helpful for students to think deeply. Also, there are changes to make Ted-style presentation video and share it on the web. When upgrading to master-class version, there are guides for helping develop making speech(Ted style talk) and teacher can check students’ progress online.
Link: ed.ted.com
(Yoonhee Cho)
Thinkific is a platform which offers customizing board for selling online lessons. It is fit for entrepreneurs who want to sell their lessons. This offers many tools for making lessons such as video, live, pdf, presentation, multimedia, but not including youtube. (maybe because of copyright). Also, it gives options for selling and marketing such as giving coupon, discount, time drip, scheduled email and so on. Thinkific has free and paid versions. With paid version, seller can get or give more options to customers. Especially, categorizing chapters and the way to show learning progress is easy for students to understand. So thinkific is good option for a teacher who want to make his/her own professional teaching channel.
Link: www.thinkific.com
(Yoonhee Cho)
ZenGengo is an online platform for teaching and learning languages with 10 assignment types for practicing reading, writing, listening and speaking. Recently Textinspector.com, have partnered with Zengengo to allow it to use Textinspector.com’s API tool. The API can help companies with the analysis of many documents in a short amount of time. ZenGengo set out to achieve the task of analyzing the whole of Wikipedia with the use of our API. As of February 2022, ZenGengo has launched a new feature: a CEFR-leveled digital library of interactive four-skills English lessons that both language teachers and learners can easily and freely access. One of the critical features of this new library is that it can be filtered according to any of the 6 CEFR (Central European Framework of Reference) proficiency levels, from A1 to C2.
Links: https://www.zengengo.com/
(Booyoon Choi)